Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement

Skylab was an outcome of the Apollo Applications Program set up by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1965 to adapt spacecraft and systems developed for the U.S. Moon landing program to a variety of scientific missions. As a first step toward establishing a long-term manned platform in space, Skylab made use of a Saturn V Moon rocket, whose third stage was. SkyLab is the one and only sky-replacement app. Imagine dropping stunning skies on your photos with this innovative new app. FEATURES - Drop beautiful skies on your photos - Huge collection of skies - Add clouds, trees, and birds too - iCloud support: Save projects across all of your devices This app is driven by my own love of beautiful skies and fascinating cloud formations. SkyLab Studio 1.2 – Easy, powerful sky replacement. SkyLab Studio is a sky-replacement app. Imagine dropping stunning skies on your photos with this innovative new app. You’ll love the huge collection of curated skies from sunny, cloudy, stormy, and night shots. SkyLab Studio is the ultimate sky-replacement app for the Mac. Imagine dropping stunning skies on your photos with this innovative new app. You'll love the huge collection of curated skies from sunny, cloudy, stormy, to night shots.

  1. Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement Kit
  2. Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement Battery
  3. Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement Plugin
  4. Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement Parts

A Compact Arduino GPS/NMEA Parser

TinyGPS is designed to provide most of the NMEA GPS functionality I imagine an Arduino user would want – position, date, time, altitude, speed and course – without the large size that seems to accompany similar bodies of code. To keep resource consumption low, the library avoids any mandatory floating point dependency and ignores all but a few key GPS fields.

Usage

To use, simply create an instance of an object like this:

Feed the object serial NMEA data one character at a time using the encode() method. (TinyGPS does not handle retrieving serial data from a GPS unit.) When encode() returns “true”, a valid sentence has just changed the TinyGPS object’s internal state. For example:

Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement Kit

You can then query the object to get various tidbits of data. To test whether the data returned is stale, examine the (optional) parameter “fix_age” which returns the number of milliseconds since the data was encoded.

Statistics

The stats method provides a clue whether you are getting good data or not. It provides statistics that help with troubleshooting.

  • chars – the number of characters fed to the object
  • sentences – the number of valid $GPGGA and $GPRMC sentences processed
  • failed_checksum – the number of sentences that failed the checksum test

Integral values

Values returned by the core TinyGPS methods are integral. Angular latitude and longitude measurements, for example, are provided in units of millionths of a degree, so instead of 90°30’00″, get_position() returns a longitude value of 90,500,000, or 90.5 degrees. But…

Using Floating Point

…for applications which are not resource constrained, it may be more convenient to use floating-point numbers. For these, TinyGPS offers several inline functions that return more easily-managed data. Don’t use these unless you can afford to link the floating-point libraries. Doing so may add 2000 or more bytes to the size of your application.

Date/time cracking

For more convenient access to date/time use this:

Establishing a fix

TinyGPS objects depend on an external source, i.e. its host program, to feed valid and up-to-date NMEA GPS data. This is the only way to make sure that TinyGPS’s notion of the “fix” is current. Three things must happen to get valid position and time/date:

  1. You must feed the object serial NMEA data.
  2. The NMEA sentences must pass the checksum test.
  3. The NMEA sentences must report valid data. If the $GPRMC sentence reports a validity of “V” (void) instead of “A” (active), or if the $GPGGA sentence reports fix type “0″ (no fix) then those sentences are discarded.

To test whether the TinyGPS object contains valid fix data, pass the address of an unsigned long variable for the “fix_age” parameter in the methods that support it. If the returned value is TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_AGE, then you know the object has never received a valid fix. If not, then fix_age is the number of milliseconds since the last valid fix. If you are “feeding” the object regularly, fix_age should probably never get much over 1000. If fix_age starts getting large, that may be a sign that you once had a fix, but have lost it.

Interfacing with Serial GPS

To get valid and timely GPS fixes, you must provide a reliable NMEA sentence feed. If your NMEA data is coming from a serial GPS unit, connect it to Arduino’s hardware serial port, or, if using a “soft” serial port, make sure that you are using a reliable SoftSerial library. As of this writing (Arduino 0013), the SoftwareSerial library provided with the IDE is inadequate. It’s best to use my NewSoftSerial library, which builds upon the fine work ladyada did with the AFSoftSerial library.

Library Version

You can retrieve the version of the TinyGPS library by calling the static member library_version().

Resource Consumption

Linking the TinyGPS library to your application adds approximately 2500 bytes to its size, unless you are invoking any of the f_* methods. These require the floating point libraries, which might add another 600+ bytes.

Download

The latest version of TinyGPS is available here: TinyGPS13.zip

Change Log

  1. initial version
  2. << streaming, supports $GPGGA for altitude, floating point inline functions
  3. also extract lat/long/time from $GPGGA for compatibility with devices with no $GPRMC
  4. bug fixes
  5. API re-org, attach separate fix_age’s to date/time and position.
  6. Prefer encode() over operator<<. Encode() returns boolean indicating whether TinyGPS object has changed state.
  7. Changed examples to use NewSoftSerial in lieu of AFSoftSerial; rearranged the distribution package.
  8. Greater precision in latitude and longitude. Angles measured in 10-5 degrees instead of 10-4 as previously. Some constants redefined.
  9. Minor bug fix release: the fix_age parameter of get_datetime() was not being set correctly.
  10. Added Maarten Lamers’ distance_to() as a static function.
  11. Arduino 1.0 compatibility
  12. Added satellites(), hdop(), course_to(), and cardinal()
  13. Improved precision in latitude and longitude rendering. get_position() now returns angles in millionths of a degree.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Arduino forum users mem and Brad Burleson for outstanding help in alpha testing this code. Thanks also to Maarten Lamers, who wrote the wiring library that originally gave me the idea of how to organize TinyGPS. Thanks also to Dan P. for suggesting that I increase the lat/long precision in version 8. Thanks to many people who suggested new useful features for TinyGPS, especially Matt Monson, who wrote some nice sample code to do so.

All input is appreciated.

Mikal Hart

Gerald P. Carr, Edward G. Gibson, and William R. Pogue, August 1973

A work slowdown, characterized by some writers as the Skylab strike, Skylab mutiny or the Skylab controversy, was instigated during some or all of December 28, 1973 by the crew of Skylab 4—the last of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Skylab missions.[1][2] According to Michael Hiltzik, the three astronauts, Gerald P. Carr, Edward G. Gibson, and William R. Pogue, turned off radio communications with NASA ground control and spent time relaxing and looking at the Earth before resuming communication with NASA,[2] refusing communications from mission control during this period. Once communications resumed, there were discussions between the crew and NASA. The mission continued for several more weeks before the crew returned to Earth in 1974. The 84-day mission was Skylab's last crew, and the last time American astronauts set foot in a space station for two decades, until Shuttle–Mir in the 1990s.

The event, which the involved astronauts have joked about,[3] has been extensively studied as a case study in various fields of endeavor including space medicine, team management, and psychology. Man-hours in space were, and continued to be into the 21st century, a profoundly expensive undertaking; a single day on Skylab was worth about $22.4 million in 2017 dollars, and thus any work stoppage was considered inappropriate due to the expense.[4] According to Space Safety Magazine, the incident affected the planning of future space missions, especially long-term missions.[5]

Skylab studio 1 4 – easy powerful sky replacement

The exact nature of what happened, or whether anything happened at all, is controversial. Spaceflight history author David Hitt disputed that the crew purposefully ended contact with mission control in a book written with former astronauts Owen K. Garriott and Joseph P. Kerwin.[6]

Background and causes[edit]

Days in space
Mission
Skylab 2
28
Skylab 3
60
Skylab 4
84

On December 28, 1973, NASA Mission Control in Houston, Texas, could not communicate with Skylab 4 for about 90 minutes, about one full orbit of Earth, when there should have been radio contact.[citation needed] The existence and cause of the communications gap is the controversy. Behavioral problems during a spaceflight are of concern to mission planners because they can cause a mission to fail.[7] NASA has studied matters that affect crew social dynamics such as morale, stress management, and how the crew solves problems as a group with missions like HI-SEAS.[8] Each Skylab pushed farther into the unknown of space medicine, and it was difficult to make predictions about the reaction of the human body to prolonged weightlessness.[9] The first crewed Skylab mission set a spaceflight record with its 28-day mission, and Skylab 3 roughly doubled that to 59 days; no one had spent this long in orbit.[9]

Possible contributing factors to the incident include:[10]

  • Twelve-week length of stay (the longest stay yet attempted by astronauts up to that time)
  • Isolated environment
  • Design of the spacecraft
  • Microgravity environment
  • Workload expectations of Skylab team
  • Workload expectations of mission control
  • Crew inexperience (all first-time astronauts)
  • No transition period

Three three-man crews spent progressively longer amounts of time (28, 60, and then 84 days), launched to orbit by the Saturn IB and flying the Apollo CSM spacecraft to the station.[11] It was visited by three three-man crews, and the incident occurred on this last all-rookie mission, which was also the longest.[12]

Skylab 3 had finished all their work and asked for more work; this may have led NASA to have a higher expectation for the next crew.[13] However, the next crew were all 'rookies' (they had not been in space before) and may not have had the same concept of workload as the previous crew.[13] Both previous crews had veteran members and both previous crews had one member that had been to the Moon and back.[13] Another factor was that the rookie astronauts were in denial about their problems and hid the issues they were having with mission control, leading to even higher mental strain.[13] The crew increasingly became bothered by having every hour of their trip duration scheduled.[14]

Event[edit]

NASA had continued with a workload similar to that on the shorter Skylab 3,[15] and the crew gradually fell behind on their workload. According to Michael Hiltzik, after six weeks the crew announced a 'strike' and turned off all communication with ground control for December 28, 1973.[2][unreliable source?] To date, no evidence of this announcement has been located in mission transcripts or audio recordings of the flight.

According to Henry S. F. Cooper, the crew were alleged to have stopped working. Gibson spent his day on Skylab's solar console, while Carr and Pogue spent their time in the wardroom looking out the window.[16][unreliable source?]

Spaceflight history author David Hitt disputed that the crew deliberately ended contact with mission control in a book written with former astronauts Owen K. Garriott and Joseph P. Kerwin.[6]

Effects[edit]

Figure 3-2. Performance lapses for time in bed (TIB) over 14 days of sleep restriction.[17]

At the time, only the crew of Skylab 3 had spent six weeks in space. It was unknown what had happened psychologically. NASA carefully worked with crew's requests, reducing their workload for the next six weeks. The incident took NASA into an unknown realm of concern in the selection of astronauts, still a question as humanity considers human missions to Mars or returning to the Moon.[18]

After the incident, there were many attempts to either determine the cause or downplay what happened.[13] Nevertheless, lessons learned focused on balancing workload with crew psychology and stress level.[13] One factor that affects disaster planning is the process of lessons learned from past incidents.[19] Two contrasting pressures are the desire to hide a problem to avoid issues such as reprimands versus the honest evaluation of the issue to prevent future occurrences.[19]

Among the complicating factors was the interplay between management and subordinates (see also Apollo 1 fire and Challenger disaster). On Skylab 4, one problem was that the crew was pushed even harder as they fell behind on their workload, creating an increasing level of stress.[20] Even though none of the astronauts returned to space, there was only one more NASA spaceflight in the decade and Skylab was the first and last American space station.[12] NASA was planning larger space stations but its budget shrank considerably after the Moon landings, and the Skylab orbital workshop was the only major execution of Apollo Applications projects.[12]

Though the final Skylab mission became known for the incident, it was also known for the large amount of work that was accomplished in the long mission.[5] Skylab orbited for six more years before its orbit decayed in 1979 due to higher-than-anticipated solar activity.[13] The next U.S. spaceflight was the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project conducted in July 1975, and after a human spaceflight gap, the first Space Shuttle orbital flight STS-1.

The described events were considered a significant example of 'us' versus 'them' syndrome in space medicine.[15] Crew psychology has been a point of study for Mars analog missions such as Mars-500, with a particular focus on crew behavior triggering a mission failure or other issues.[15] One of the impacts of the incident is the requirement that at least one member of the International Space Station crew be a space veteran (not be on a first flight).[21]

The 84-day stay of the Skylab 4 mission was a human spaceflight record that was not exceeded for over two decades by a NASA astronaut.[22] The 96-day Soviet Salyut 6 EO-1 mission broke Skylab 4's record in 1978.[23][24]

Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement Battery

Controversies[edit]

Sources including David Hitt's Homesteading Space[6] and Atlas Obscura[25] dispute that the crew purposefully ended contact with mission control.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement Plugin

  1. ^Broad, William J. (July 16, 1997). 'On Edge in Outer Space? It Has Happened Before'. The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  2. ^ abcHiltzik, Michael. 'The day when three NASA astronauts staged a strike in space'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
  3. ^Vitello, Paul (March 10, 2014). 'William Pogue, Astronaut Who Staged a Strike in Space, Dies at 84'. The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  4. ^Lafleur, Claude (March 8, 2010). 'Costs of US Piloted Programs'. The Space Review. Retrieved February 18, 2012. See author's correction in comments section.
  5. ^ ab'All the King's Horses: The Final Mission to Skylab (Part 3)'. Space Safety Magazine. 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  6. ^ abcHitt, David (2008). Homesteading Space: The Skylab Story. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN978-0803219014. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  7. ^'Behavioral Problems in Early Human Spaceflight'. Spacesafetymagazine.com. 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  8. ^Howell, Elizabeth (2015-03-03). 'Mars on Earth: Mock Space Mission Examines Trials of Daily Life'. Space.com. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  9. ^ ab'Second crew on Skylab: Breaking all records'. Sen.com. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  10. ^'Case Study 2 - In the HBS case Strike in Space the Skylab space station cut off communication by turning off the radio and refusing to talk with Houston'. www.coursehero.com. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  11. ^'Skylab 4 Rang in the New Year with Mutiny in Orbit'. Motherboard. Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  12. ^ abc'Skylab: Everything You Need to Know'. www.armaghplanet.com. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  13. ^ abcdefg'Skylab: First U.S. Space Station'. Space.com. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  14. ^Hollingham, Richard (December 21, 2015). 'How the Most Expensive Structure in the World was Built'. BBC. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  15. ^ abcClément, Gilles (2011-07-15). Fundamentals of Space Medicine. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN978-1-4419-9905-4.
  16. ^Cooper, Henry S. F. (August 30, 1976). 'Life in a Space Station'. The New Yorker. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  17. ^Van Dongen, HP; Maislin, G; Mullington, JM; Dinges, DF (2003). 'The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: Dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation'. Sleep. 26 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1093/sleep/26.2.117. PMID12683469.
  18. ^DNews (2012-04-16). 'Why 'Space Madness' Fears Haunted NASA's Past'. Seeker – Science. World. Exploration. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  19. ^ ab'James Oberg's Pioneering Space'. www.jamesoberg.com. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  20. ^Staff, Wired Science. 'Skylab: America's First Home in Space Launched 40 Years Ago Today'. WIRED. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  21. ^Gilles Clément (2011). Fundamentals of Space Medicine. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 255. ISBN978-1-4419-9905-4.
  22. ^Elert, Glenn. 'Duration of the Longest Space Flight'. hypertextbook.com. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  23. ^Pike, John. 'Soyuz 26 and Soyuz 27'. www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
  24. ^Hollingham, Richard (December 21, 2015). 'How the most expensive structure in the world was built'. BBC.
  25. ^Giaimo, Cara (August 23, 2017). 'Did 3 NASA Astronauts Really Hold a 'Space Strike' in 1973?'. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved June 25, 2019.

Skylab Studio 1 4 – Easy Powerful Sky Replacement Parts

External links[edit]

  • Mutiny in Space: Why These Skylab Astronauts Never Flew Again Smart News Smithsonian - Smithsonian Magazine.
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